{"id":54622,"date":"2024-06-08T15:30:55","date_gmt":"2024-06-08T22:30:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/?p=54622"},"modified":"2024-06-08T15:30:55","modified_gmt":"2024-06-08T22:30:55","slug":"learning-from-antiquity-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2024\/06\/08\/learning-from-antiquity-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning from Antiquity 5"},"content":{"rendered":"

I’d say the ability to distinguish between appearances (and emotions) on the one hand and actual, truthful facts on the other belongs to the faculty of wisdom. So I’m once again asking Athena to help us.<\/p>\n

The minor discernment here goes back 500 years to Niccolo Machiavelli, who is remembered as being a gaslighter. He was no such thing. He was as straightforward as he could possibly be in his knowledge and opinions (and yes, some of his work was opinion.) Yes, he did advise leaders that there were times they would need to lie. But he also put conditions on those times. He also warned competent leaders – and especially citizens of republics – to look out for gaslighters, as you will see in the article below. I know, after all these years, it’s likely impossible to fully rehabilitate his reputation. But there’s no harm in trying.
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500 years ago, Machiavelli warned the public not to get complacent in the face of self-interested<\/span> charismatic\u00a0figures<\/h1>\n
\n
Julius Caesar was the first tyrant of Rome, after which Rome was never again free.
\nSteve Christo\/Corbis via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vickie B. Sullivan<\/a>, Tufts University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

A United States president sought to remain in office<\/a> after his term ended, maintains a worshipful following<\/a> and has declared he will operate as a dictator only on \u201cday one\u201d<\/a> if reelected. His cunning and manipulation of American politics<\/a> and its legal system have, so far, blocked efforts to hold him accountable.<\/p>\n

That sort of activity has been called \u201cMachiavellian<\/a>,\u201d after Renaissance writer Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, who lived from 1469 to 1527. He wrote a notorious little treatise called \u201cThe Prince<\/a>,\u201d in which he advises sole rulers \u2013 his phrase for authoritarians or dictators \u2013 as well as those who aspire to sole rule to use force and fraud to gain and maintain power.<\/p>\n

But scholars of Machiavelli like me<\/a> know there is much more to his analysis. His 16th-century writings discuss not only princely rule but also republican governments<\/a>, in which citizens select leaders directly or indirectly for specified terms. He instructs republican citizens and leaders, including those of the United States<\/a>, to recognize how vulnerable the governments they cherish are and to be vigilant against the threats of tyranny. Machiavelli\u2019s advice is as relevant now as it was then.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli\u2019s republican experience<\/h2>\n
\"A<\/a>
Cosimo de\u2019 Medici was an autocratic ruler in Renaissance Florence, in what is now Italy.<\/span>
\nBildagentur-online\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Machiavelli knew from experience and his extensive reading that there was a long history of nations with republican governments falling victim to ambitious individuals who sought to subvert their nations\u2019 practices and institutions so they could rule alone and unchecked, with all others serving at their behest and on their authority.<\/p>\n

For example, he was from the city-state of Florence in what is now Italy. Florence had had a republican tradition for centuries, but about 30 years before Machiavelli\u2019s birth, banker and politician Cosimo de\u2019 Medici had subverted that system. Cosimo had used his family\u2019s wealth to propel himself to political power<\/a> by exerting influence over officeholders so that he was the ultimate decision-maker.<\/p>\n

Cosimo\u2019s descendants inherited his political power. They briefly lost their grip on power just long enough for Machiavelli to participate for about a decade as an official and diplomat<\/a> in a restored republic<\/a>. Machiavelli was in office when the republic collapsed with the return of the Medici family to power<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Removed from office, Machiavelli wrote \u201cThe Prince.\u201d He prefaced it with a dedicatory letter to the young member of the Medici whom the family had designated as the new ruler of Florence. Commentators<\/a> have long disagreed about what Machiavelli sought by so obviously pandering to an autocratic ruler.<\/p>\n

The \u2018Discourses,\u2019 Machiavelli\u2019s republican writing<\/h2>\n
\"A<\/a>
Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer.<\/span>
\nPhoto 12\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

That puzzle is all the more perplexing because elsewhere Machiavelli expresses his commitment to republican government. He wrote another book, less well known and much less pithy than \u201cThe Prince,\u201d entitled \u201cDiscourses on Livy<\/a>.\u201d In the \u201cDiscourses,\u201d Machiavelli uses the work of the ancient Roman historian Livy to examine how the Roman republic was overthrown by a single leader.<\/p>\n

At its founding, Rome was a kingship, but when subsequent kings became tyrannical, the Roman people overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, which had a remarkable history<\/a> and lasted almost 500 years.<\/p>\n

The Roman republic collapsed in 44 BCE when Julius Caesar declared himself dictator for life<\/a>. Machiavelli wrote that Julius Caesar was the first tyrant in Rome, with the result that Rome was never again free<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Julius\u2019 immediate successor Octavius, who assumed the name Caesar Augustus<\/a>, ruled as the first of a long line of emperors<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lessons from the demise of the Roman republic<\/h2>\n

The key lesson of Machiavelli\u2019s examination of Roman history in the \u201cDiscourses\u201d is this: A republic is fragile. It requires constant vigilance on the part of both the citizens and their leaders.<\/p>\n

That vigilance is difficult to maintain, however, because over generations, citizens and leaders alike become complacent to a key internal threat that haunts this form of government. Specifically, they fail to grasp early enough the anti-republican designs of exceptionally ambitious citizens among them who harbor the desire to rule alone.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli provides instructive examples of how Rome failed to protect its republican practices and laws against such a threat. When the republic was young, Rome allowed candidates to nominate themselves for high offices. This practice worked well because only worthy candidates put themselves forward. Later, however, the practice of self-nomination allowed into office those who wanted to promote their own popularity rather than respond to the needs of their country.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli said that leaders and citizens devoted to the republic should have closed off this easy route to power to such candidates. But Rome failed to act. Because of its complacency, Caesar was able to build on the popularity that his predecessors had amassed and to transform Rome into a tyranny.<\/p>\n

\"Men<\/a>
Actors recreate the assassination of Julius Caesar, which came too late to save the Roman republic from collapse into authoritarian rule.<\/span>
\nAndreas Solaro\/AFP via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The point of no return<\/h2>\n

If republican citizens and leaders fail to be vigilant, they will eventually be confronted with a leader who has accumulated an extremely powerful and threatening following. At that point, Machiavelli says, it will be too late to save the republic.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli uses the examples of Caesar\u2019s assassination in Rome and Cosimo\u2019s exile from Florence to underscore this lesson. In each case, the supporters of their respective republic, finally perceiving the danger of tyranny, initiated an attack on the people\u2019s idol. In each case, that effort led not to a restoration of republican freedom but rather to its elimination.<\/p>\n

In Rome, Augustus used the public\u2019s sympathy and devotion for the martyred Caesar to seal the republic\u2019s demise. In Florence, Cosimo himself was welcomed back from exile to become Florence\u2019s leading man.<\/p>\n

The fate of the American republic<\/h2>\n

For Americans, the question is whether, as a result of public complacency, the republic will be lost. Will the American republic fall to the same perils that Machiavelli identified in ancient Rome and Renaissance Florence?<\/p>\n

Perhaps an opportunity exists to breathe new life into the nation\u2019s republican practices and institutions. Perhaps there is still time to reject through elections those who seek office only to enhance their own power.<\/p>\n

Or perhaps it is so late that even that approach will not work. Then, Americans would be left to mourn the demise of their republic and to affirm Machiavelli\u2019s counsel that republics fail through complacency. Such an outcome for one of history\u2019s most exemplary republics would stand as a wretched testament to Machiavelli\u2019s political insight.\"The<\/p>\n

Vickie B. Sullivan<\/a>, Professor of Political Science, Tufts University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

==============================================================<\/p>\n

Athena, I don’t suppose that, affter all these years, Niccolo cares any more that his name is used as a synonym for deliberate deception. And it is true that that was one tool in his leadership toolbox. But just because it is, let’s say, a hammer there, that does not mean that everything has to be treated as a nail. There are plenty of other tools there. Our current issue feels to me more like a stripped screw than a nail – and it usually takes an electric drill with a special bit to remove one of those.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I’d say the ability to distinguish between appearances (and emotions) on the one hand and actual, truthful facts on the other belongs to the faculty of wisdom. So I’m once again asking Athena to help us. The minor discernment here goes back 500 years to Niccolo Machiavelli, who is remembered as being a gaslighter. He […]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":54263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[5837,5834,5835,3866,5836,4859,4222],"class_list":["post-54622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-athena","tag-charisma","tag-gaslighing","tag-history","tag-machiavelli","tag-threats-to-democracy","tag-wisdom","category-5-id","post-seq-1","post-parity-odd","meta-position-corners","fix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54622\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/54263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}