{"id":53418,"date":"2023-10-22T15:39:06","date_gmt":"2023-10-22T22:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/?p=53418"},"modified":"2023-10-22T15:39:06","modified_gmt":"2023-10-22T22:39:06","slug":"everyday-erinyes-393","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2023\/10\/22\/everyday-erinyes-393\/","title":{"rendered":"Everyday Erinyes #393"},"content":{"rendered":"

Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, though no one really knows how many there were supposed to be, the three names we have are Alecto<\/span><\/strong>, Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>. These roughly translate as “unceasing,” “grudging,” and “vengeful destruction.”<\/p>\n

Having spent a lifetime (or most of one – I didn’t write to any legislators before I could write) at a minimum caring about how my nation was governed, and by whom, and how it should be governed, and expressinh those opinions I cared about, I am well aware that there are many different ways to do so, and that some are more effective than others. Petitions, for instance, can be more effective than individual letters since they represent so many people – provided, that is, that they are addressed to the appropriate person or persons to deal with the issue, and that they do in fact comprise consyituents of that person(s). It also helps if they do not contain any inaccuracies. But writing a personal letter to an individual who is in public office, or a candidate for such office, whether elected or appointed – that is a different matter altogether. It’s also much more difficult. Pitfalls are everywhere. Of course you want to send your communication to the appropriate person (To use an absurd example, you would not want to direct a letter regarding Medicare\/Medicais to the Scretary of Transportation, not to the head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Thay is not in their purview.) But then you run up against spelling, grammar, making logical arguments, and of course avoideing any errors of fact. And, especially on a topic on which “alternate facts” are bouncing all over the internet and the media, it can become important to cite your sources, as the author here points out – and shows you how.
\n==============================================================<\/p>\n

Contacting your legislator? Cite your sources \u2013 if you want them to listen to\u00a0you<\/h1>\n
If you\u2019re going to write to your legislator, do your homework on the issues.
\ndigitalskillet\/ iStock \/ Getty Images Plus<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Daniel E Bergan<\/a>, Michigan State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Suppose you have an issue you are really passionate about \u2013 taxes, gun control or some other important policy. You want to do more than vent on social media<\/a>, so you decide to write an email, place a phone call or even draft a letter to your state legislator expressing your views.<\/p>\n

As a citizen, I would praise your sense of civic responsibility and willingness to express your opinion. As a scholar<\/a>, I would encourage your efforts \u2013 they\u2019re more consequential than many people realize.<\/p>\n

I teach communication and public policy at Michigan State University and study how constitutents\u2019 communication with lawmakers affects public policy decisions.<\/p>\n

In my previous research, I analyzed \u2013 with their permission \u2013 the efforts of coalitions working to get citizens to contact their lawmakers in support of major legislation in New Hampshire and Michigan. I conducted a rigorous evaluation of the types of contact constituents made, the messages they conveyed and the behavior of lawmakers both before and after receiving those communications.<\/p>\n

The results showed<\/a> that communications from constituents<\/a> can have a large impact on how legislators vote. For example, emails from constituents encouraging policymakers to support smoke-free workplace bills in New Hampshire increased state legislators\u2019 support on critical votes by an estimated 20 percentage points \u2013 a substantial effect.<\/p>\n

But a lot of people don\u2019t bother<\/a> to contact their elected officials, thinking it\u2019s not worth<\/a> communicating with<\/a> them.<\/p>\n

In today\u2019s polarized political environment, is it possible to get through to policymakers from the other side?<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
It is possible to get through to legislators who disagree with you. Here, the New Hampshire Statehouse.<\/span>
\nAP Photo\/Holly Ramer, File<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Discounting opposing views<\/h2>\n

Some work, including my own mentioned above, suggests that policymakers are responsive to communications from the public. But research has also shown that policymakers engage in what\u2019s called biased reasoning, writing off communications from constituents who do not share their policy views.<\/p>\n

For instance, political scientists Daniel Butler and Adam Dynes<\/a> asked state and local policymakers in two online surveys to evaluate a hypothetical communication from a constituent. Policymakers were randomly assigned to evaluate a letter that either supported or opposed a controversial policy and then rated the hypothetical writer letter on various characteristics.<\/p>\n

The authors found that policymakers rated hypothetical constituents who disagreed with them as less knowledgeable about the topic. This discounting of constituents who disagree on policy could explain why policymakers tend to have biased<\/a> perceptions of public opinion<\/a>, believing the public\u2019s attitudes to be more in line with their own positions than polling suggests.<\/p>\n

Is there a way to prevent lawmakers from writing off constituents\u2019 perspectives?<\/p>\n

Do your research<\/h2>\n

In recent work with political communication scholars Hillary Shulman<\/a> and Dustin Carnahan<\/a>, I sought to develop strategies to limit policymakers\u2019 discounting of constituents\u2019 opinions.<\/p>\n

We asked a national sample of elected local policymakers \u2013 among them city council members \u2013 to evaluate a hypothetical email writer randomly assigned to express support or opposition to raising the minimum wage. The survey was fielded by Civic Pulse<\/a>, which specializes in samples of elected officials.<\/p>\n

This study was similar to the Butler and Dynes study described above. But we added two randomly assigned conditions \u2013 what we called a \u201cread\u201d condition in which the writer expressed having \u201cread a lot about\u201d the topic, without any specific detail, or a \u201ccite\u201d condition in which the writer summarized and cited<\/a> a study supporting their position.<\/p>\n

We anticipated, based on research on biased reasoning<\/a>, that providing clear evidence that the constituent is knowledgeable about the issue would prevent biased discounting of constituent opinion.<\/p>\n

Policymakers in our study were asked to evaluate to what extent they thought that the constituent understood the issue, was representative of the community, and was sincere and held their position strongly, and whether they thought the communication was a form letter rather than a constituent-intitiated communication \u2013 and therefore presumably more likely to be written off.<\/p>\n

How to not be written off<\/h2>\n

The results confirmed previous findings that policymakers indeed discount the opinions of constituents with whom they disagree. When policymakers read an email expressing an opinion that differed from their own on raising the minimum wage, the email writer was rated lower across all five dimensions.<\/p>\n

However, if the email writer provided evidence that they knew about the issue \u2013 citing research supporting their position \u2013 policymakers were more likely to perceive that the email writer understood the issue. The effects of citing evidence are stronger than simply stating that one has read about the issue.<\/p>\n

My own work suggests that a constituent expressing an opinion to an elected official can influence the official\u2019s vote on the issue. But just writing to an official is no guarantee that the constituent will persuade the official or have the issue resolved in the way they prefer.<\/p>\n

Our study is important in identifying a way constituents can avoid being written off.<\/p>\n

We also found that there are no downsides to providing evidence supporting one\u2019s position.<\/p>\n

You might expect that when provided with unambiguous evidence that a disagreeing constituent understands the issue, policymakers might direct their efforts to discounting other constituent characteristics, rating the constituent as less sincere or less representative of the community.<\/p>\n

We did not find any evidence that this happened. When faced with evidence that their constituent knows the issue well, policymakers are less likely to discount their opinions.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
Policymakers were less likely to discount the opinions of letter writers who cited research they had done on the issue.<\/span>
\nJetta Productions Inc.\/DigitalVision\/Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How to be heard<\/h2>\n

The practical results are clear: When communicating with a policymaker, especially one with whom you disagree, you want to stop them from discounting your opinion. One way to do this is by citing quality evidence to support your position.<\/p>\n

While this advice seems straightforward, it did not appear in guides we surveyed created by citizen groups like the Sierra Club<\/a>, ACLU<\/a> or Christian Coalition<\/a>.<\/p>\n

When contacting a policymaker about an issue, be aware that they may discount your opinion if they disagree.<\/p>\n

But note also that carefully crafted communications can convey your position without being written off \u2013 and could improve how accurately the policymaker understands public attitudes about public policies.\"The<\/p>\n

Daniel E Bergan<\/a>, Associate Professor in Communication & Public Policy, Michigan State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

==============================================================
\nAlecto<\/span><\/strong>, Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>, if we could all live in districts which elect legislators of our own party, it might not be so important to learn the techniques the author offers – techniques of basic rhetoric, oral or written (and that’s not a bad thing.) I’m sure we’ve all heard and\/or seen the expression “the facts speak for themselves.” And facts often do. But not always in a language that everyone can understand, or even hear. That’s pretty clear from the beliefs so many Americans hold about politics and government. Anything we can do to move the conversation in the direction of truth is not only a good thing, but a necessary thing.<\/p>\n

The Furies and I will be back.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, […]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":50369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[3729],"class_list":["post-53418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-furies","category-5-id","post-seq-1","post-parity-odd","meta-position-corners","fix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53418"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53418\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/50369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}