{"id":47323,"date":"2022-03-27T10:33:03","date_gmt":"2022-03-27T17:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/?p=47323"},"modified":"2022-03-27T10:33:03","modified_gmt":"2022-03-27T17:33:03","slug":"everyday-erinyes-311","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2022\/03\/27\/everyday-erinyes-311\/","title":{"rendered":"Everyday Erinyes #311"},"content":{"rendered":"

Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, though no one really knows how many there were supposed to be, the three names we have are Alecto<\/strong><\/span>, Megaera<\/span><\/strong>, and Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>. These roughly translate as “unceasing,” “grudging,” and “vengeful destruction.”<\/p>\n

I wanted to share this article because – even before the invasion of Ukraine started, we were hearing things like “I’d rather be Russian than a Democrat,” and now we are hearing “I prefer Putin’s Christian values to Joe Bifen’s values.” And, frankly. that scares the Republication out of me. It doesn’t seem to be scaring many people, and that scares me too. So I have been trying to be alert for anything I could find on the topic
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Why is Russia\u2019s church backing Putin\u2019s war? Church-state<\/span> history gives a\u00a0clue<\/h1>\n
Vladimir Putin speaks to Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Kirill (center) in Samolva, Russia, on Sept. 11, 2021.
\nAlexei Druzhinin\/Pool Photo via AP<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Scott Kenworthy<\/a>, Miami University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Since Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church has defended Russia\u2019s actions and blamed the conflict on the West<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Patriarch Kirill\u2019s support for the invasion of a country where millions of people belong to his own church has led critics to conclude that Orthodox leadership has become little more than an arm of the state \u2013 and that this is the role it usually plays.<\/p>\n

The reality is much more complicated. The relationship between Russian church and state has undergone profound historical transformations<\/a>, not least in the past century \u2013 a focus of my work as a scholar of Eastern Orthodoxy<\/a>. The church\u2019s current support for the Kremlin is not inevitable or predestined, but a deliberate decision that needs to be understood.<\/p>\n

Soviet shifts<\/h2>\n

For centuries, leaders in Byzantium and Russia prized the idea of church and state working harmoniously together in \u201csymphony<\/a>\u201d \u2013 unlike their more competitive relationships in some Western countries.<\/p>\n

In the early 1700s, however, Czar Peter the Great instituted reforms for greater control of the church \u2013 part of his attempts to make Russia more like Protestant Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Churchmen grew to resent the state\u2019s interference. They did not defend the monarchy in its final hour during the February Revolution of 1917<\/a>, hoping it would lead to a \u201cfree church in a free state.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Bolsheviks who seized power, however, embraced a militant atheism<\/a> that sought to secularize society completely. They regarded the church as a threat because of its ties to the old regime. Attacks on the church<\/a> proceeded from legal measures like confiscating property to executing clergy suspected of supporting the counterrevolution.<\/p>\n

Patriarch Tikhon, head of the Church during the Revolution, criticized Bolshevik assaults on the Church, but his successor, Metropolitan Bishop Sergy, made a declaration of loyalty<\/a> to the Soviet Union in 1927. Persecution of religion only intensified, however, with repression reaching a peak during the Great Terror of 1937-1938, when tens of thousands<\/a> of clergy and ordinary believers were simply executed or sent to the Gulag. By the end of the 1930s, the Russian Orthodox Church had nearly been destroyed.<\/p>\n

The Nazi invasion brought a dramatic reversal. Josef Stalin needed popular support to defeat Germany and allowed churches to reopen<\/a>. But his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, reinvigorated the anti-religious campaign<\/a> at the end of the 1950s, and for the rest of the Soviet period, the church was tightly controlled and marginalized.<\/p>\n

Kirill\u2019s campaigns<\/h2>\n

The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought yet another complete reversal. The church was suddenly free, yet facing enormous challenges after decades of suppression. With the collapse of Soviet ideology, Russian society seemed set adrift<\/a>. Church leaders sought to reclaim it, but faced stiff competition from new forces, especially Western consumer culture and American evangelical missionaries<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"A
A Russian Orthodox Church priest leads a service at the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin in Sokolniki in Moscow on Feb. 15, 2022.<\/span>
\nAP Photo\/Alexander Zemlianichenko<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The first post-Soviet head of the church, Patriarch Aleksy II, maintained his distance from politicians. Initially, they were not very responsive to the church\u2019s goals \u2013 including Vladimir Putin in his first two terms between 2000 and 2008. Yet in more recent years, the president has embraced Russian Orthodoxy<\/a> as a cornerstone of post-Soviet identity, and relations between church and state leadership have changed significantly since Kirill became patriarch in 2009. He quickly succeeded in securing<\/a> the return of church property<\/a> from the state, religious instruction in public schools and military chaplains in the armed forces.<\/p>\n

Kirill has also promoted an influential critique of Western liberalism, consumerism and individualism, contrasted with Russian \u201ctraditional values<\/a>.\u201d This idea argues that human rights<\/a> are not universal, but a product of Western culture, especially when extended to LGBTQ people. The patriarch also helped develop the idea of the \u201cRussian world<\/a>\u201d: a soft power ideology that promotes Russian civilization, ties to Russian-speakers around the world, and greater Russian influence on Ukraine and Belarus.<\/p>\n

Although 70%-75% of Russians consider themselves Orthodox, only a small percentage<\/a> are active in church life. Kirill has sought to \u201cre-church\u201d society by asserting that Russian Orthodoxy is central to Russian identity, patriotism and cohesion \u2013 and a strong Russian state. He has also created a highly centralized church<\/a> bureaucracy that mirrors Putin\u2019s and stifles dissenting voices.<\/p>\n

Growing closer<\/h2>\n

A key turning point came in 2011-2012, starting with massive protests against electoral fraud and Putin\u2019s decision to run for a third term.<\/p>\n

Kirill initially called<\/a> for the government to dialogue with protesters, but later offered unqualified support for Putin and referred to stability and prosperity during his first two terms as a \u201cmiracle of God<\/a>,\u201d in contrast to the tumultuous 1990s.<\/p>\n

In 2012, Pussy Riot, a feminist punk group, staged a protest<\/a> in a Moscow cathedral to criticize Kirill\u2019s support for Putin \u2013 yet the episode actually pushed church and state closer together. Putin portrayed Pussy Riot and the opposition as aligned with decadent Western values, and himself as the defender of Russian morality<\/a>, including Orthodoxy. A 2013 law<\/a> banning dissemination of gay \u201cpropaganda\u201d to minors, which was supported by the church, was part of this campaign to marginalize dissent.<\/p>\n

Putin successfully won reelection, and Kirill\u2019s ideology has been linked to Putin\u2019s<\/a> ever since.<\/p>\n

\"Three
Members of the feminist punk group Pussy Riot sit in a glass cage at a courtroom in Moscow in 2012. The women were charged with hooliganism connected to religious hatred.<\/span>
\nAP Photo\/Mikhail Metzel<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Russia\u2019s annexation of Crimea and the eruption of conflict in the Donbas in 2014 also had an enormous impact on the Russian Orthodox Church.<\/p>\n

Ukraine\u2019s Orthodox churches remained under the Moscow Patriarchate\u2019s authority after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Indeed, about 30% of the Russian Orthodox Church\u2019s parishes were actually in Ukraine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The conflict in Crimea and eastern Ukraine, however, intensified Ukrainians\u2019 calls for an independent Orthodox church. Patriarch Bartholomew, the spiritual head of Orthodox Christianity, granted that independence in 2019<\/a>. Moscow not only refused to recognize the new church, but also severed relations with Constantinople<\/a>, threatening a broader schism.<\/p>\n

Orthodox Christians in Ukraine were divided over which church to follow,<\/a> deepening Russia\u2019s cultural anxieties about \u201closing\u201d Ukraine to the West.<\/p>\n

High-stakes gamble<\/h2>\n

Kirill\u2019s close alliance with the Putin regime has had some clear payoffs. Orthodoxy has become one of the central pillars<\/a> of Putin\u2019s image of national identity. Moreover, the \u201cculture wars\u201d discourse of \u201ctraditional values\u201d has attracted international supporters<\/a>, including conservative evangelicals<\/a> in the United States.<\/p>\n

But Kirill does not represent the entirety of the Russian Orthodox Church any more than Putin represents the entirety of Russia. The patriarch\u2019s positions have alienated some of his own flock<\/a>, and his support for the invasion of Ukraine will likely split some of his support abroad<\/a>. Christian leaders<\/a> around the world are calling upon Kirill to pressure<\/a> the government to stop the war.<\/p>\n

The patriarch has alienated the Ukrainian flock<\/a> that remained loyal to the Moscow Patriarchate. Leaders of that church<\/a> have condemned Russia\u2019s attack<\/a> and appealed to Kirill to intervene with Putin.<\/p>\n

A broader rift is clearly brewing: A number of Ukrainian Orthodox bishops have already stopped commemorating Kirill<\/a> during their services. If Kirill supported Russia\u2019s actions as a way to preserve the unity of the church, the opposite outcome seems likely.\"The<\/p>\n

Scott Kenworthy<\/a>, Professor of Comparative Religion, Miami University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

==============================================================
\nAlecto<\/strong><\/span>, Megaera<\/span><\/strong>, and Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>, there you have it. Any church which promotes ?traditional values” (which I put in quotes because they all fling that phrase about, never addressing “Whose tradition?” “How can you consider oppressing people to be a value” and many other related questions) will always<\/strong> be susceptible to becoming affiliated with autocracy. We have seen this in the Taliban. We have seen this in evangelical Christianity. And now we are seeing it in Russian Orthodoxy. For all of those groups, be they Muslim, Evangelical Christian, or Orthodox Christian, there are many others around the world who are Muslims, western Christians, and Eastern Christians who are horrified that these people who claim to profess the same faith practice it so horrifyingly.<\/p>\n

I am not opposed to tradition, But I am opposed to confusing “traditional” with “godly.” I am reminded of the story of the little girl who was watching her mother cut off both ends of the Easter ham before putting it in the ovem, and who asked why. “My mother always did it that way,” was the response. The next time the little girl saw her grandmother, she asked the same question and go the same answer. Finally the little girl was able to speak with her great-grandmother and ask the question again. “When your Great-Grandfather and I were first married, we didn’t have a lot, and our roasting pan was very small. The ham would not fit in it without trimming the ends off.”<\/p>\n

I cannot see a partcle of difference between these affiliations of convenience with religion and autocracy, and many others have already seen, spoken about, and written about evangelical Christianity vis-a-vis the Taliban. But I don’t see anyone but me saying that we now have a third example in Russia (and a fourth one in Israel would not surprise me, but I have no evidence for that.) There are many, many examples throughout recorded history as well. That is one history I really, really do not want to repeat.<\/p>\n

The Furies and I will be back.<\/p>\n

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