{"id":44080,"date":"2021-06-12T09:41:26","date_gmt":"2021-06-12T16:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/?p=44080"},"modified":"2021-06-12T09:41:26","modified_gmt":"2021-06-12T16:41:26","slug":"everyday-erinyes-270","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/12\/everyday-erinyes-270\/","title":{"rendered":"Everyday Erinyes #270"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, though no one really knows how many there were supposed to be, the three names we have are <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Alecto<\/span><\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>. These roughly translate as &#8220;unceasing,&#8221; &#8220;grudging,&#8221; and &#8220;vengeful destruction.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This is so counterintuitive I thought it was worth a closer look &#8211; a much closer look. More on the other side<br \/>\n================================================================<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"legacy\">Civics education isn&#8217;t boosting youth voting or volunteerism<\/h1>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/390951\/original\/file-20210322-15-19548n7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=7%2C44%2C4985%2C3285&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" \/><figcaption>These students at the University of Pittsburgh urged their peers to vote in the 2020 presidential election.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/university-of-pittsburgh-students-with-biden-harris-signs-news-photo\/1229454204\">Aaron Jackendoff\/SOPA Images\/LightRocket via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/john-a-tures-498236\">John A. Tures<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/lagrange-college-3493\">LaGrange College<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>After the insurrection, the impeachment, the trial and ongoing partisanship in 2021, many Americans are looking to civics education as a source of hope, according to George Washington University\u2019s Center on Education Policy, which reports that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED606967\">Nearly all Americans (97%) agree that public schools should be teaching civics<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/education-k-12\/reports\/2018\/02\/21\/446857\/state-civics-education\/\">According to the Center for American Progress<\/a>, civics classes teach students about how the U.S. government works, history about how it was designed and information about how to participate, including voting. After those sorts of courses, it seems reasonable to expect that students should be voting more and engaging in community service.<\/p>\n<p>But my research shows that states that require civics courses do not necessarily have better test scores, more youth voting or young people volunteering at higher rates than other states. And there may be a connection to QAnon support as well.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m a <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=3y3BVcEAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\">political science professor<\/a> who also teaches government, history, geography and economics classes to college students who major in education. So I strongly believe that civics education is a good thing.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, though, my research has found that civics education isn\u2019t making the grade. In states that require students to take a civics course, young voters have slightly lower average voting rates \u2013 29.9% \u2013 than states without such a requirement \u2013 31.9%.<\/p>\n<p>I analyzed data from the latest study by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/education-k-12\/reports\/2019\/12\/14\/478750\/strengthening-democracy-modern-civics-education\/\">Center for American Progress<\/a>, which provides information on which states require a civics test, and the voting rates for 18-to-24-year-olds, volunteer rates for 16-to-24-year-olds and average scores on the <a href=\"https:\/\/ap.collegeboard.org\/\">College Board\u2019s Advanced Placement<\/a> civics and U.S. government test.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"fgr1w\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/fgr1w\/5\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Civics class requirements<\/h2>\n<p>Washington, D.C., and 39 states \u2013 including California, Iowa and South Carolina \u2013 have a civics class requirement. These same places also have lower percentages of youth volunteer rates \u2013 22.7% on average \u2013 than states without such a civics course requirement. In states that do not have a civics class requirement, including New Jersey, Kentucky and Nebraska, the average youth volunteer rate is 23.5%.<\/p>\n<p>States which require a civics course also have slightly lower scores on the Advanced Placement test about U.S. government and politics \u2013 2.75 out of 5 \u2013 than states that do not make their students take a civics course \u2013 2.84. A score of 4 or 5 is often accepted for college credit in political science, though some schools may accept a 3 on the AP test, which covers subjects such as the foundations of American democracy, civil liberties and civil rights, as well as American political ideologies and beliefs, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/apcentral.collegeboard.org\/pdf\/ap-us-government-and-politics-course-and-exam-description.pdf?course=ap-united-states-government-and-politics\">The College Board<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"um3oh\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/um3oh\/2\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Passing a civics exam<\/h2>\n<p>Nineteen states require passage of a civics exam for graduation, including Kentucky, which does not have a specific course requirement. But that doesn\u2019t seem to make a difference in boosting youth civic engagement or knowledge. States with the requirement have roughly similar youth voting rates \u2013 30% \u2013 as states that do not require passage of a civics exam \u2013 30.6%.<\/p>\n<p>States demanding a civics exam be passed before receiving a high school diploma also have average test scores on AP exams related to civics or government \u2013 2.80 \u2013 similar to those states without such a requirement \u2013 2.75.<\/p>\n<p>There is one bright spot, though: States with a civics exam have higher volunteer rates among younger people \u2013 22.2% on average \u2013 than those states that do not \u2013 17.5%.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"n35h1\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/n35h1\/2\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Community service requirements<\/h2>\n<p>Nearly half of all states, plus the District of Columbia, require some sort of community service requirement or provide high school credit for students who volunteer, according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/education-k-12\/reports\/2019\/12\/14\/478750\/strengthening-democracy-modern-civics-education\/\">Center for American Progress<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But I was dismayed to find that states without such a requirement had higher rates of volunteerism among younger people \u2013 an average of 24.4% \u2013 than among those states with a community service mandate \u2013 21.3%.<\/p>\n<p>And states requiring high school students to do community service have lower youth voting rates \u2013 29.3% \u2013 than states where schools did not require volunteering \u2013 31.4%.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"nWTjZ\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/nWTjZ\/1\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Countering QAnon?<\/h2>\n<p>Failure to provide an adequate civics education doesn\u2019t just mean lower numbers of young people voting, volunteering and scoring a little lower on AP test scores. It could open the door for QAnon, a wide-ranging conspiracy theory that claims former President Donald Trump is helping the late John F. Kennedy Jr. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/53498434\">battle a secret cabal of cannibalistic pedophiles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>States with lower levels of youth volunteering, youth voting and youth civics test scores are also more likely to have QAnon sympathizers active in politics, or politicians who oppose criticism of QAnon.<\/p>\n<p>To determine this, I looked at states which had a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mediamatters.org\/qanon-conspiracy-theory\/here-are-qanon-supporters-running-congress-2020\">congressional candidate who openly espoused some or all of the QAnon philosophy<\/a>. I also examined which states had a <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/house\/519357-house-approves-measure-condemning-qanon-but-18-republicans-vote-against-it\">representative who voted against a congressional resolution denouncing QAnon<\/a>,<\/p>\n<p>The 24 states with QAnon-supporting politicians had lower average youth voting rates \u2013 38.5% \u2013 than states without them \u2013 42.4%. They also had lower average youth volunteering rates \u2013 21.8% \u2013 than states without major politicians supporting QAnon \u2013 24%.<\/p>\n<p>There was no significant difference in AP test scores between the two groups of states.<\/p>\n<p>Our country\u2019s civics education may not help solve the nation\u2019s current political crises. But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/education-k-12\/reports\/2018\/02\/21\/446857\/state-civics-education\/\">reform efforts touted by the Center for American Progress<\/a> are under way in several states to help replace memorizing facts and figures with active learning designed to engage students in real-life problems in and out of the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>You need to understand the coronavirus pandemic, and we can help.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/the-daily-3?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=coronavirus-help\">Read The Conversation\u2019s newsletter<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/156270\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/john-a-tures-498236\">John A. Tures<\/a>, Professor of Political Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/lagrange-college-3493\">LaGrange College<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/civics-education-isnt-boosting-youth-voting-or-volunteerism-156270\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>================================================================<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Alecto<\/span><\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Tisiphone<\/span><\/strong>, I suspect the problem here is less the existence of civics classes than the content and quality. We know &#8211; we all know &#8211; that Americans are very good at sugar coating history. And sugar coating hisory is not going togive students any sense of the importance of voting. I was brought up to believe that &#8220;If you don&#8217;t vote, you have no right to complain about government.&#8221; I, and many others, find that highly motivating. But not as motivating as &#8220;If you don&#8217;t vote, and American government is destroyed and America becomes a fascist state, it&#8217;s your fault.&#8221; Granted, we have not had quite as much evidence of that as we do now (and also that the evidence we did have was always sugar coated out of existence.) But that doesn&#8217;t have to be.<\/p>\n<p>Volunteering I don&#8217;t care as much about. Frankly, I believe there are some people who should never volunteer &#8211; but if they do, it had better not be anywhere around me. Additionally, the better government is doing its job, the less need there is for volunteers. Well, maybe except for getting out the vote &#8211; which I&#8217;m not convinced government should be involved in anyway. But that&#8217;s a-whole-nother discussion.<\/p>\n<p>The Furies and I will be back.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, <a href='https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/12\/everyday-erinyes-270\/' class='excerpt-more'>[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":40593,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[3915,3729],"class_list":["post-44080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-education","tag-furies","category-5-id","post-seq-1","post-parity-odd","meta-position-corners","fix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44080\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40593"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=44080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}