{"id":43856,"date":"2021-06-05T10:23:14","date_gmt":"2021-06-05T17:23:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/?p=43856"},"modified":"2021-06-05T10:23:14","modified_gmt":"2021-06-05T17:23:14","slug":"everyday-erinyes-269","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/05\/everyday-erinyes-269\/","title":{"rendered":"Everyday Erinyes #269"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, though no one really knows how many there were supposed to be, the three names we have are <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Alecto<\/span><\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Tisiphone<\/strong><\/span>. These roughly translate as &#8220;unceasing,&#8221; &#8220;grudging,&#8221; and &#8220;vengeful destruction.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ve been sitting on this one for a while because other things were going on, but I knoew I&#8217;d get to it eventually, because it is another piece of the Saving Democracy puzzle, and this seems like a good time.<br \/>\n================================================================<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"legacy\">States pick judges very differently from US Supreme Court appointments<\/h1>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399326\/original\/file-20210506-14-1hfx412.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=35%2C0%2C4000%2C2658&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" \/><figcaption>Political pressure is focusing on the makeup of the U.S. Supreme Court.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/the-u-s-supreme-court-stands-on-december-11-2020-in-news-photo\/1230073841\">Stefani Reynolds\/Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/joshua-holzer-1031874\">Joshua Holzer<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/westminster-college-4360\">Westminster College<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The future of the U.S. Supreme Court is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/supreme-court-losing-luster-in-publics-eyes-55802\">politically fraught<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/3-ways-a-6-3-supreme-court-would-be-different-146558\">court\u2019s partisan balance<\/a> has <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/liberals-in-congress-and-the-white-house-have-faced-a-conservative-supreme-court-before-154782\">long<\/a> been a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/partisan-supreme-court-battles-are-as-old-as-the-united-states-itself-146657\">hot-button issue<\/a>, and both Democrats and Republicans can correctly claim that the other party bears at least <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/04\/04\/522598965\/going-nuclear-how-we-got-here\">some blame<\/a> for the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/is-the-supreme-courts-legitimacy-undermined-in-a-polarized-age-99473\">politicization of the federal judiciary<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In 2016, appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court became even more overtly political when conservative Justice <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/former-clerk-on-justice-antonin-scalia-and-his-impact-on-the-supreme-court-55211\">Antonin Scalia<\/a> died and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YqRJXVXcVeE\">U.S. Senate\u2019s Republican majority refused<\/a> to let President Barack Obama <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/filling-the-supreme-court-vacancy-lessons-from-1968-55010\">fill the vacancy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This delay ultimately gave soon-to-be President Donald Trump the chance to seat conservative <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/who-is-neil-gorsuch-72142\">Neil Gorsuch<\/a> as Scalia\u2019s replacement. Four years later, though, <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/senate\/527448-mcconnell-pushed-trump-to-nominate-coney-barrett-on-the-night-of-ginsburgs\">Republicans rushed<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/can-trump-and-mcconnell-get-through-the-4-steps-to-seat-a-supreme-court-justice-in-just-6-weeks-146544\">fill the vacancy<\/a> left by the death of liberal Justice <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ginsburgs-legal-victories-for-women-led-to-landmark-anti-discrimination-rulings-for-the-lgbtq-community-too-146546\">Ruth Bader Ginsburg<\/a> less than two months before a presidential election.<\/p>\n<p>Now, with Democrats in control of the White House and \u2013 barely \u2013 the U.S. Senate, some within the party have been <a href=\"https:\/\/judiciary.house.gov\/news\/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=4508\">calling for President Joe Biden to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> in hopes of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/opinion\/2020\/10\/29\/republicans-packed-supreme-court-expand-repair-damage-column\/6054522002\/\">reversing<\/a> Republican <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/mitch-mcconnells-legacy-is-a-conservative-supreme-court-shaped-by-his-calculated-audacity-147062\">efforts<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/apr\/28\/donald-trump-judges-create-new-conservative-america-republicans\">enshrine conservatism<\/a> within the courts.<\/p>\n<p>In response to those calling for reform, Biden has created the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2021\/04\/09\/president-biden-to-sign-executive-order-creating-the-presidential-commission-on-the-supreme-court-of-the-united-states\/\">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States<\/a>, whose mission \u201cis to provide an analysis of the principal arguments in the contemporary public debate for and against Supreme Court reform.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This commission \u2013 which includes <a href=\"https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/us-law-week\/bidens-supreme-court-commission-whos-on-it-and-why-explained\">scholars, lawyers and political advisers<\/a> \u2013 could <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/supreme-court-polarization-is-not-inevitable-just-look-at-europe-99356\">look at top courts overseas for ideas<\/a> about how to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/unlike-us-europe-picks-top-judges-with-bipartisan-approval-to-create-ideologically-balanced-high-courts-146550\">depoliticize<\/a> the U.S. Supreme Court. But its members could also learn lessons from the states, many of which have already taken steps to insulate their judicial branches from partisan politics.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"z290V\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/z290V\/4\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>State court lessons for depoliticization<\/h2>\n<p>Following the model set by the U.S. Constitution, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lindenwood.edu\/files\/resources\/stuteville.pdf\">many state constitutions<\/a> initially called for governors to appoint state judges for life with the advice and consent of the state\u2019s Senate. Over time, many felt that this system empowered governors to award judgeships based upon party loyalty <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.missouri.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3830&amp;context=mlr\">rather than judicial temperament and fair-mindedness<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the mid-1800s, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/andrew-jackson-populism\">populism<\/a> swept the country. This movement toward giving power to the public prompted several states to amend their state constitutions to allow for the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.judicialselection.us\/judicial_selection\/reform_efforts\/formal_changes_since_inception.cfm\">popular election of judges<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This did not solve the problem of judicial politicization, as <a href=\"http:\/\/judicialselection.us\/uploads\/documents\/Berkson_1196091951709.pdf\">judges were often beholden to the political machines that helped them get elected<\/a>. As such, the public began to perceive elected judges as both partisan and corrupt, and turned against the courts. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/217044329.pdf\">between 1918 to 1940<\/a> only two Missouri Supreme Court judges were reelected.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"http:\/\/judicialselection.us\/judicial_selection\/reform_efforts\/formal_changes_since_inception.cfm?state=\">1940<\/a>, Missouri became <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2147&amp;context=open_access_dissertations\">the first state<\/a> to adopt what is now called the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Missouri-Plan\">Missouri Plan<\/a>\u201d for selecting judges, which involves two elements: \u201cassisted appointments\u201d and nonpartisan \u201cretention elections.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Typically, for assisted appointments, a nonpartisan commission reviews candidates for state judgeships, creating a list of potential nominees <a href=\"http:\/\/www.judicialselection.us\/uploads\/documents\/ms_descrip_1185462202120.pdf\">based on merit<\/a>. The governor fills vacancies on the bench by choosing from this predetermined list. In such a system, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.judicialselection.us\/uploads\/Documents\/Judicial_Merit_Charts_0FC20225EC6C2.pdf\">the governor\u2019s pick does not usually need to be confirmed by the state legislature<\/a> because the pick has already been vetted by the nonpartisan commission.<\/p>\n<p>For retention elections, judges face no opponent and are listed on the ballot <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.mo.gov\/page.jsp?id=297\">without political party designation<\/a>. Voters are simply asked whether an incumbent judge should remain in office, which provides an opportunity to oust judges who regularly make unpopular decisions. Retention elections are often held in states that use assisted appointments. However, in some states that still elect their judges using partisan elections, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Judicial_selection_in_Illinois\">Illinois<\/a>, nonpartisan retention elections are used when it\u2019s time for reelection.<\/p>\n<p>Today, <a href=\"https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Assisted_appointment_(judicial_selection)\">more than 30 states<\/a> use some form of assisted appointments. <a href=\"https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Retention_election\">More than 20 states<\/a> use some variation of retention elections. More than a dozen states use both in some capacity. Notably, both \u201cred\u201d states and \u201cblue\u201d states have adopted one or both of these reforms, as have many \u201cpurple\u201d states.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=430&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=430&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=430&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/399327\/original\/file-20210506-14-1usojgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Two men shake hands\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">President Barack Obama\u2019s nomination of Merrick Garland to the U.S. Supreme Court sparked a partisan fight.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.ap.org\/detail\/ObamaSupremeCourt\/7f2430eea2f8409cbe62880a1039cbe3\/photo\">AP Photo\/Pablo Martinez Monsivais<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Showing the way forward?<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.missouri.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3841&amp;context=mlr\">Advocates of Missouri\u2019s nonpartisan court plan<\/a> argue that the reforms have been a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.mo.gov\/page.jsp?id=297\">success<\/a>. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.missouri.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3830&amp;context=mlr\">Sandra Day O&#8217;Connor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Sandra-Day-OConnor\">the first woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court<\/a>, \u201cthe \u2018Show-Me State\u2019 \u2026 has shown the nation how we can do a better job of selecting our judges.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If the federal government adopted assisted appointments, campaign tactics like Trump\u2019s 2016 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wd06ZjhEEEk\">promise to appoint pro-life, conservative judges<\/a> would be less <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/politics\/wp\/2018\/06\/26\/a-quarter-of-republicans-voted-for-trump-to-get-supreme-court-picks-and-it-paid-off\/\">relevant<\/a>, because presidents would be limited in whom they could nominate for a court vacancy.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>Over 100,000 readers rely on The Conversation\u2019s newsletter to understand the world.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/the-daily-3?utm_source=TCUS&amp;utm_medium=inline-link&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter-text&amp;utm_content=100Ksignup\">Sign up today<\/a>.]<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, if voters could remove U.S. Supreme Court justices whose opinions <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/10\/05\/920416357\/justices-thomas-alito-blast-supreme-court-decision-on-gay-marriage-rights\">differ<\/a> from that of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/feature\/nbc-out\/support-gay-marriage-reaches-all-time-high-survey-finds-n1244143\">majority<\/a> of Americans, politicians might not feel as pressured to block the appointment of a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/will-merrick-garland-joe-bidens-pick-for-attorney-general-be-independent-in-that-role-history-says-its-unlikely-151952\">particular justice for partisan reasons<\/a>, as the judge would serve on the bench for only as long as they retained <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/are-you-suddenly-interested-in-the-supreme-court-youre-not-alone-99657\">public support<\/a>.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/160142\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/joshua-holzer-1031874\">Joshua Holzer<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Political Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/westminster-college-4360\">Westminster College<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/states-pick-judges-very-differently-from-us-supreme-court-appointments-160142\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>================================================================<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Alecto<\/span><\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Megaera<\/strong><\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Tisiphone<\/strong><\/span>, appointing judges can certainly be a partisan exercise. But surely electing them can be just as partisan, if not indeed worse. Most of the timre I am inclined to respect the opinion of an officeholder, even a partisan one, over the opinion of the voters, given that they mostly have no idea who these judges are, any opinion they do have is derived from cheesy TV commercials, and those voters who do know something about judges are often in that position as a result of life experiences which make them ineligible to vote, temporarily or permanently. Of course there are exceptions &#8230; like the so-called &#8220;President&#8221; we had who was easily as uninformed as the dullest voter. The thing is, if your only choices are appointment and election, there really is no way to ensure you get the best judges.<\/p>\n<p>The &#8220;assisted appointment&#8221; system, depending, as it does, on a nonpartisan commission, really does seem like a lifeline here. At least two of Trump**&#8217;s three nominees to the Supreme Court would never have made it into a pool provided by such a commission. My state is one of the states which uses both assisted appointments and retention elections &#8211; which are not like a recall, where there is an opposing candidate, but simply an up or down. If a judge were to lose, the commission would have to supply a new candidate pool to replace them.<\/p>\n<p>Most voters have no idea who their state judges are or how qualified or what temperament, unless theyhave been to court. So it&#8217;s rare for a judge to lose a retention election. In the case of the Supreme Court and a national vote, I suspect that would change (and IMO for the better.)<\/p>\n<p>I am looking forward to reading the discussion on this topic. It&#8217;s not something which is discussed a lot, but maybe it should be.<\/p>\n<p>The Furies and I will be back.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Experts in autocracies have pointed out that it is, unfortunately, easy to slip into normalizing the tyrant, hence it is important to hang on to outrage. These incidents which seem to call for the efforts of the Greek Furies (Erinyes) to come and deal with them will, I hope, help with that. As a reminder, <a href='https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/05\/everyday-erinyes-269\/' class='excerpt-more'>[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":40592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[3729],"class_list":["post-43856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-furies","category-5-id","post-seq-1","post-parity-odd","meta-position-corners","fix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43856"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43856\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.politicsplus.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}